Vol 2: Icao Doc 8168

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations

The primary goal of Volume II is to standardize how States, operators, and charting organizations design flight procedures. This uniformity ensures that a pilot flying into any international aerodrome can rely on consistent safety margins, regardless of local terrain. Key areas of focus include: Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles. Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft

: Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine specific obstacle clearance altitudes (OCA/H) for each type. Key Technical Components Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2