By the late 1930s, the USSR achieved near-universal literacy among the younger generation. Compulsory primary education was introduced, and the number of higher education institutions (universities and technical colleges) grew significantly. Study Resources
In the 9th-grade textbook by Zagladin, Minakov, Petrov, and Kozlenko, Chapter 19 focuses on "Spiritual Life and Culture in the 1920s" (or in some editions, the period between 1929–1941). istoriia rossii 9klass khkhvek zagladin minakov 19 voprosy
The primary goals were to eliminate illiteracy, create a new "Soviet intelligentsia" from the working class, and establish Marxist-Leninist ideology as the sole basis for the country's spiritual life. By the late 1930s, the USSR achieved near-universal
It served as a tool for propaganda. The state needed art that was "national in form and socialist in content" to mobilize the population and glorify the achievements of the Soviet system. The primary goals were to eliminate illiteracy, create