For additional study materials, you can check the History.ru resources or the Arzamas Middle Ages timeline for a deep dive into specific dates.

: The Crusades and the influence of the Papacy. Chapter IV: Formation of Centralized States

: The life of Muhammad and the teachings of the Quran.

: The liberation of the Iberian Peninsula and the formation of Spain and Portugal. Chapter V: Culture and Life in the High Middle Ages

: Expansion of the Arab Empire and its eventual split.

: The rise of universities and scholasticism. § 16. Art and Architecture : Romanesque and Gothic styles. Chapter VI: Countries of Asia, Africa, and America

The primary textbook for (Всеобщая история. История Средних веков) in Russian schools is authored by E. V. Agibalova and G. M. Donskoy , while E. A. Kryuchkova is the author of the widely used companion workbook (рабочая тетрадь) .

: The unification of the kingdom and the Hundred Years' War.