Johan Galtung’s is a foundational text in peace studies . Published in 1996, it provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for peace research, education, and action. Core Definitions of Peace Galtung defines peace through two distinct lenses:
Addresses structural violence , particularly in economic systems, and proposes ways to overcome it.
He differentiates between Negative Peace (the absence of war) and Positive Peace (the presence of social justice and human integration). The Four Theoretical Pillars
The absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence.