Political Order And Political Decay: From The I... -

Fukuyama posits that the order in which these institutions develop matters immensely. For instance, countries that developed a strong, professional bureaucracy before democratization (like Prussia/Germany) often have more effective governance than those where democracy arrived before a competent state was built.

A centralized authority with the "executive capability" to exercise power and provide services effectively. Political Order and Political Decay: From the I...

A once-strong state now suffering from "decay" through legal gridlock and interest group capture. Fukuyama posits that the order in which these

Fukuyama uses this term to describe a system with so many checks and balances that small interest groups can effectively block—or "veto"—any action that benefits the public good. A once-strong state now suffering from "decay" through

A rising global middle class is seen as a primary driver of democracy, as they tend to demand more institutional accountability and merit-based governance.

In the U.S., many administrative issues are resolved in courts rather than by expert bureaucracies. This leads to a slow, costly legal process that further hinders state capacity.

The final section of the book focuses on the "decay" of modern liberal democracies, particularly the .