Roman Imperial Coins -

Roman legends use common abbreviations to save space. Identifying these is key to dating the coin. Title for the Emperor. CAES (Caesar): Often used for the heir or junior emperor. IMP (Imperator): Victorious general. P M (Pontifex Maximus): High priest of Rome.

To identify a specific coin, you can use these major databases and references: How to Read Roman Imperial Coins-and what we get from them Roman Imperial Coins

Almost always features the portrait of the reigning Emperor or a royal family member. Roman legends use common abbreviations to save space

High-value coins, often featuring refined portraits of the Emperor. Roman Imperial Coins

Tribunitian power, renewed annually and used to date the coin.